A discrete numerical method for brittle rocks using mathematical programming

A computational formulation of discrete simulations of damage and failure in brittle rocks using mathematical programming methods is proposed. The variational formulations are developed in two and three dimensions. These formulations naturally lead to second-order cone programs and can conveniently be solved using off-the-shelf mathematical programming solvers. Pure static formulations are derived so that no artificial damping parameters are required. The rock is represented by rigid blocks, with interfaces between blocks modelled by zero-thickness springs based on the rigid-body–spring network method. A modified Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is proposed to model the failure of the interfaces. When the interface’ strength limits are reached, a microscopic crack forms and its strength is irreversibly lost. The microscopic elastic properties of the springs are related to the observed elastic behaviour of rocks with the developed empirical equations. The program is first validated with three simple tests. Then, numerical uniaxial and biaxial compression tests and the Brazilian tests are conducted. Furthermore, the proposed approach is employed to study the rock crack propagation and coalescence using cracked Brazilian disc test. The results are in good agreements with reported experimental data, which shows its potential in modelling mechanical behaviour of brittle rocks.     

Shaft failure characteristics and the control effects of backfill body compression ratio at ultra-contiguous coal seams mining

Solid backfill coal mining is a mainstream method in green coal mining, which has gradually become a key technology to control shaft deformation when recovering industrial square pillars during mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. On the basis of the engineering background of Nantun Coal Mine, this paper combined physical simulation, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis for studying shaft deformation, failure characteristics, and stress variation rules during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. The results revealed that shaft deformation and failure were the results of the movement of strata caused by coal mining; in addition, the backfill body compression ratios in two adjacent coal seams were the key factors in shaft deformation control during the mining of ultra-contiguous coal seams. Moreover, the effects of the backfill body compression ratios on shaft deformation in ultra-contiguous coal seam mining were simulated by ABAQUS, and the optimal compression ratios of backfill body in two coal seams were determined. Finally, based on the probability-integral method, the vertical compressive deformation and the inclined deformation of shaft were estimated and the results showed that the shaft safety and stability at ultra-contiguous coal seam mining can be provided when the backfill body compression ratios of 3_upper and 3_lower coal seams were set at 85%.     

一种兼顾ArcGIS图形显示的AutoCAD图案填充重生成边界法

通过对现有AutoCAD图案填充重生成边界方法总结,提出了一种兼顾ArcGIS图形显示的AutoCAD图案填充重生成边界法,其主要包括3个步骤:1提取边界环并做循环访问;2对组成每个边界环的曲线集合按照起点和终点坐标进行排序;3对排序后的曲线集合进行连接。     

黄土丘陵区地质灾害规模参数幂律相依性研究

对滑坡、崩塌和不稳定斜坡等地质灾害规模参数幂律相依性进行定量研究,拓展了规模参数之间幂律相依性的研究范围。研究结果发现:1地质灾害规模参数的幂律相依性不仅存在于体积与面积之间,而且存在于面积与长、面积与宽等参数之间;2幂指数可以作为间接反映区域地质灾害或者不同类型地质灾害的宏观特征表征谱;3体积与面积关系式的幂指数分布为不稳定斜坡滑坡崩塌;面积与长关系式的幂指数分布为崩塌滑坡不稳定斜坡。面积与宽关系式的幂指数的分布为滑坡崩塌不稳定斜坡。     

雷琼地区重力场动态变化特征研究

基于2016年以来雷州半岛-海南岛陆地区（以下简称雷琼地区）的流动重力资料,对2017年下半年前后的联测资料采用不同的平差方法进行处理。将湛江和琼中2个绝对重力点作为雷琼测网基准,研究2016年以来雷琼地区重力场动态变化特征。重点研究2018-03-20广东阳江4.2级地震、2019-03-05广东雷州4.1级地震、2019-08-20海南三亚4.2级地震和2019-10-12广西北流5.2级地震震前区域重力场差分和累积动态变化。研究结果表明,除广东雷州4.1级地震外,其他3个地震震前在震中附近地区均存在重力场变化异常,表明在测网网格距和数据处理方法合理的情况下,对于4~5级地震,区域重力场在震前可能存在一定异常反应。     

Wind wave characteristics and engineering environment of the South China Sea

Wave simulation was conducted for the period 1976 to 2005 in the South China Sea (SCS) using the wave model, WAVEWATCH-III. Wave characteristics and engineering environment were studied in the region. The wind input data are from the objective reanalysis wind datasets, which assimilate meteorological data from several sources. Comparisons of significant wave heights between simulation and TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and buoy data show a good agreement in general. By statistical analysis, the wave characteristics, such as significant wave heights, dominant wave directions, and their seasonal variations, were discussed. The largest significant wave heights are found in winter and the smallest in spring. The annual mean dominant wave direction is northeast (NE) along the southwest (SW)-NE axis, east northeast in the northwest (NW) part of SCS, and north northeast in the southeast (SE) part of SCS. The joint distributions of wave heights and wave periods (directions) were studied. The results show a single peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and periods, and a double peak pattern for joint significant wave heights and mean directions. Furthermore, the main wave extreme parameters and directional extreme values, particularly for the 100-year return period, were also investigated. The main extreme values of significant wave heights are larger in the northern part of SCS than in the southern part, with the maximum value occurring to the southeast of Hainan Island. The direction of large directional extreme H _s values is focus in E in the northern and middle sea areas of SCS, while the direction of those is focus in N in the southeast sea areas of SCS.     

基于广义帕累托分布的地震震级分布尾部特征分析

极值理论在地震危险性分析中有着重要应用,发震震级超过某一阈值的超出量分布可以近似为广义帕累托分布.基于广义帕累托分布给出了若干地震活动性参数的估计公式,包括强震震级分布、地震复发周期和重现水平、期望重现震级、地震危险性概率和潜在震级上限等;以云南地区震级资料为基础数据,讨论了阈值选取、模型拟合诊断和参数估计;在此基础上计算了该地区的地震活动性参数.结果表明,广义帕累托分布较好地刻画了强震震级分布,通过超阈值(POT)模型计算的复发周期与实际复发间隔统计基本一致,高分位数估计在一定阈值范围内表现稳定,为工程抗震中潜在震级上限的确定提供了一种途径.     

Three-Dimensional Modeling of Storm Surge and Inundation Including the Effects of Coastal Vegetation

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic models are used to simulate the hurricane-induced storm surge and coastal inundation in regions with vegetation. Typically, 2D storm surge models use an enhanced Manning coefficient while 3D storm surge models use a roughness height to represent the effects of coastal vegetation on flow. This paper presents a 3D storm surge model which accurately resolves the effects of vegetation on the flow and turbulence. First, a vegetation-resolving 1DV Turbulent Kinetic Energy model (TKEM) is introduced and validated with laboratory data. This model is both robust enough to accurately model flows in complex canopies, while compact and efficient enough for incorporation into a 3D storm surge-wave modeling system: Curvilinear Hydrodynamics in 3D-Surface WAves Nearshore (CH3D-SWAN). Using the 3D vegetation-resolving model, three numerical experiments are conducted. In the first experiment, comparisons are made between the 2D Manning coefficient approach and the 3D vegetation-resolving approach for simple wind-driven flow. In a second experiment, 2D and 3D representations of vegetation produce similar inundations from the same hurricane forcing, but differences in momentum are found. In a final experiment, varying inundation between seemingly analogous 2D and 3D representations of vegetation are demonstrated, pointing to a significant scientific need for data within wetlands during storm surge events. This study shows that the complex flow structures within vegetation canopies can be accurately simulated using a vegetation-resolving 3D storm surge model, which can be used to assess the feasibility for future wetland restoration projects.